Repellents on Skin

The EPA and CDC both maintain a short list of registered repellent ingredients tested for both safety and effectiveness. Here's what's actually backed by research.

• DEET at 20 to 30%. The most widely tested repellent on the planet. Effective for several hours. Higher concentrations last longer but don't work better at the moment of exposure. Not pleasant to use, but it works.
• Picaridin at 20%. Similar effectiveness to DEET, no oily feel, doesn't damage plastics or synthetic fabrics. A lot of people find it more tolerable for regular use.
• Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus (OLE). A plant-derived option with solid peer-reviewed research. Not the same as lemon eucalyptus essential oil. OLE specifically needs to be on the label. Not recommended for children under 3.
• IR3535. Common in Europe for years, increasingly available in the US. Gentle and effective. Good option for sensitive skin.

If you prefer to make your own natural spray, there are four recipes starting on the DIY sprays page. They work, particularly on clothing, but require reapplication every hour or so outdoors.

A Note on Application

Apply repellent to exposed skin only, never under clothing. Reapply according to label directions, usually every few hours for DEET and Picaridin, more often if you're sweating heavily or swimming. Don't apply repellent directly to your face; spray your hands first and then apply with your hands, avoiding eyes and mouth.